Viewing GPS as a "software platform" instead of a "public utility" changes the resilience picture: the utility lens shows the U.S. hardened GPS through system design and redundancies (more satellites than required, dispersed infrastructure, stronger signals), while the platform lens shows resilience grew further by adding navigation signals — but manufacturers, application developers, and users themselves are the binding constraint on any further resilience gains.

— In our words · Source: GPS: Public Utility or Software Platform (Marc A. Thibault Jr.)