Strategy and Power

The Art of Worldly Wisdom

by Baltasar Gracián

25 rips · Negotiating · Persuading

Worldly strategy — Gracián's 300 maxims on getting your way at court without making enemies, in Joseph Jacobs's 1892 translation.

Mechanisms (23)

mechanism #1063

Hand the boss advice as something he forgot

Gracián says superiors will concede you luck or temper but never better judgment.

"They will allow a man to help them but not to surpass them, and will have any advice tendered them appear like a recollection of something they have forgotten rather than as a guide to something they cannot find."

Why it matters

Gracián says superiors will concede you luck or temper but never better judgment. Framing a correction as a reminder lets the superior keep ownership of the good sense while still taking the advice.

Use when: You have to correct someone above you who is proud of their judgment.

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mechanism #1064

Find the idol, then say the one word

The maxim is a three-step sequence: diagnose the dominant motive, name it briefly, then offer something that feeds it.

"All men are idolaters, some of fame, others of self-interest, most of pleasure. Skill consists in knowing these idols in order to bring them into play." "First guess a man's ruling passion, appeal to it by a word, set it in motion by temptation"

Why it matters

The maxim is a three-step sequence: diagnose the dominant motive, name it briefly, then offer something that feeds it. He adds that the working motive is more often the lowest part of a person's nature than the highest.

Use when: Your good arguments keep failing on someone and you have not asked what they actually want.

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mechanism #1067

Show one purpose, strike with the other

The maxim covers both sides of a feint.

"It lets a purpose appear in order to attract the opponent's attention, but then turns round and conquers by the unexpected." "It lets the first impulse pass by and waits for the second, or even the third."

Why it matters

The maxim covers both sides of a feint. The attacker shows a decoy aim. The defender treats the first move as probably false and waits for the second or third before reacting.

Use when: An opening demand looks too obvious, or you are about to react to the other side's first move.

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mechanism #1068

Don't let them learn your tastes

Gracián extends secrecy from plans to tastes.

"He that plays with cards exposed runs a risk of losing the stakes." "Do not even let your tastes be known, lest others utilise them either by running counter to them or by flattering them."

Why it matters

Gracián extends secrecy from plans to tastes. A known preference gives the other side two levers: block what you like, or flatter it to soften you.

Use when: You are about to tell a counterpart which option you love before the terms are set.

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mechanism #1069

When they grab the right side, take it anyway

Gracián says arguing the worse side out of pride means "you begin the fight already beaten." Take the better course yourself, and an obstinate opponent will often desert it to keep disagreeing.

"Thus the only way to drive him from the better course is to take it yourself, for his folly will cause him to desert it"

Why it matters

Gracián says arguing the worse side out of pride means "you begin the fight already beaten." Take the better course yourself, and an obstinate opponent will often desert it to keep disagreeing.

Use when: Your rival staked out the sensible position first and you feel pressure to oppose it.

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mechanism #1070

Lead with their business to get to yours

Opening on the other person's interest gets them moving before your request arrives.

"His affair seems to be in train when it is really only leading the way for another's." "Likewise with persons who always say No at first, it is useful to ward off this blow"

Why it matters

Opening on the other person's interest gets them moving before your request arrives. Gracián recommends it most for people whose reflex answer is no.

Use when: Your contact refuses any request that opens with what you need.

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mechanism #1071

Sell it as for connoisseurs, never as easy

Gracián's levers on price are praise, a striking name, and a claim to serve connoisseurs.

"it is generally an inducement to profess to supply only connoisseurs, for all think themselves such, and if not, the sense of want arouses the desire." "Never call things easy or common: that makes them depreciated rather than made accessible."

Why it matters

Gracián's levers on price are praise, a striking name, and a claim to serve connoisseurs. Calling a thing easy or common makes it "depreciated rather than made accessible."

Use when: You are writing a launch page and reaching for "simple" and "for everyone."

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mechanism #1072

Float it first so you can still withdraw

A trial balloon tells you how the proposal lands while you can still deny you meant it.

"Throw Straws in the Air, to find how things will be received, especially those whose reception or success is doubtful." "an opportunity is afforded for going on in earnest or withdrawing entirely."

Why it matters

A trial balloon tells you how the proposal lands while you can still deny you meant it. He calls it the rule "in asking, in desiring, and in ruling."

Use when: You want to know if a big ask will fly before you make it on the record.

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mechanism #1073

Talk about today's mistake as if it were long past

Gracián's technique for bitter truths is distance in time.

"A pleasant manner has here an opportunity for a display of skill: with the same truth it can flatter one and fell another to the ground. Matters of to-day should be treated as if they were long past."

Why it matters

Gracián's technique for bitter truths is distance in time. Discussing a live error as old history lets the person agree without having to defend their present self.

Use when: You need to tell someone their current project is failing.

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mechanism #1074

Satisfy the want, keep the dependence

Gracián would rather see men needing him than thanking him.

"The wise man would rather see men needing him than thanking him. To keep them on the threshold of hope is diplomatic, to trust to their gratitude boorish ; hope has a good memory, gratitude a bad one." "It is a subtle point to satisfy the desire and yet preserve the dependence."

Why it matters

Gracián would rather see men needing him than thanking him. Deliver enough to keep them engaged and hold back the part that ends their need.

Use when: You are about to give the client everything up front and lose your leverage for phase two.

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mechanism #1075

Watch the man who comes second on purpose

A counterpart who seems indifferent may be hiding how badly they want the outcome.

"they dissemble their desire so as to attain it. They put themselves second so as to come out first in the final spurt."

Why it matters

A counterpart who seems indifferent may be hiding how badly they want the outcome. Gracián says such men put themselves second to come out first.

Use when: Someone is a little too relaxed about a deal they started.

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mechanism #1076

Doubt the secret out of them

Gracián's move: meet a hinted secret with mild disbelief.

"Tepid incredulity acts as an emetic on secrets." "A sly depreciation of another's mysterious word scents out the profoundest secrets"

Why it matters

Gracián's move: meet a hinted secret with mild disbelief. To prove it, the speaker has to tell it.

Use when: Someone hints they have a better offer and won't say what it is.

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mechanism #1077

Ask after the meal, never after a refusal

Timing gets three rules: ask when the person is in a good mood, avoid asking just after they refused someone else, and avoid asking after a loss.

"Surprise them when in a pleasant mood, when a repast of body or soul has just left them refreshed" "It is no use applying when another has been refused, since the objection to a No has just been overcome."

Why it matters

Timing gets three rules: ask when the person is in a good mood, avoid asking just after they refused someone else, and avoid asking after a loss. Having just said no once, they find the next no easy.

Use when: You need a yes from someone and can pick the moment to ask.

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mechanism #1078

Pay the reward before it's earned

The same favor changes meaning with timing.

"the same gift which would afterwards be merely a reward is beforehand an obligation." "with men of lower stamp the honorarium paid beforehand acts rather as a bit than as a spur."

Why it matters

The same favor changes meaning with timing. Given afterward it settles a debt; given in advance it creates one. Gracián limits it to people who feel obligation.

Use when: You plan to reward a partner after delivery and wonder whether to give it now instead.

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mechanism #1079

Call the break a cooling, never a fight

A loud rupture invites hidden enemies to use your declared one against you.

"Every one may be of importance as an enemy if not as a friend. Few can do us good, almost any can do us harm." "If, however, a breach is inevitable, let it be rather excused as a slackening of friendship than by an outburst of wrath"

Why it matters

A loud rupture invites hidden enemies to use your declared one against you. Letting a relationship fade without a scene closes the door with fewer enemies made.

Use when: A partnership has to end and you want to say what you really think on the way out.

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mechanism #1080

Turn the attacker into a confidant

Gracián prefers preventing an injury to avenging it.

"It is an uncommon piece of shrewdness to change a rival into a confidant" "he leaves no time for injuries that fills it up with gratitude."

Why it matters

Gracián prefers preventing an injury to avenging it. Bringing a rival inside, with favors and confidence, fills their time with obligations to you.

Use when: Someone has started to undermine you and retaliation is the first idea you have.

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mechanism #1081

Announce the decision after, never before

Announcing a plan early gives critics a target and doubles the cost of failure, once for failing and once for having said you would succeed.

"A resolution declared is never highly thought of; it only leaves room for criticism. And if it happens to fail, you are doubly unfortunate."

Why it matters

Announcing a plan early gives critics a target and doubles the cost of failure, once for failing and once for having said you would succeed.

Use when: You want to tell everyone what you are about to try.

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mechanism #1082

Don't show the sore point

Gracián says a known sore spot becomes the place everything knocks against, and complaining about it marks the target.

"nor complain about it, for malice always aims where weakness can be injured." "The wise never own to being hit, or disclose any evil, whether personal or hereditary."

Why it matters

Gracián says a known sore spot becomes the place everything knocks against, and complaining about it marks the target. In a negotiation that means keeping quiet about the term you can least afford to lose.

Use when: You're tempted to tell the other side which concession would hurt you most.

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mechanism #1083

Show your teeth at the first encroachment

Gracián prices concessions as a chain: each one you grant makes the next harder to refuse.

"Give way to the first and you must yield to the second, and so on till the last, and to gain your point at last costs as much trouble as would have gained much more at first."

Why it matters

Gracián prices concessions as a chain: each one you grant makes the next harder to refuse. Pushing back at the first costs less than recovering ground after several.

Use when: A counterpart has just asked for a small extra that wasn't in the deal.

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mechanism #1084

Give a gilded No

Gracián's refusal has a method: let the disappointment arrive in stages, leave some hope in place, and cover the gap with courtesy.

"Some men's No is thought more of than the Yes of others : for a gilded No is more satisfactory than a dry Yes." "Your refusal need not be point-blank : let the disappointment come by degrees. Nor let the refusal be final"

Why it matters

Gracián's refusal has a method: let the disappointment arrive in stages, leave some hope in place, and cover the gap with courtesy. He warns that people who lead with No get no credit even when they later give way.

Use when: You have to turn down a request from someone you'll need again.

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mechanism #1085

Never fight someone with nothing to lose

The contest is unequal because only one side has a reputation at stake.

"The other enters without anxiety ; having lost everything, including shame, he has no further loss to fear." "For even by victory he cannot gain what he has lost by exposing himself to the chances of loss."

Why it matters

The contest is unequal because only one side has a reputation at stake. Gracián says even winning doesn't repay what you risked by stepping in.

Use when: Someone with no standing to protect is baiting you into a public dispute.

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mechanism #1086

Arrive underbilled

Gracián says the real can never match the imagined, and disappointed people turn critical.

"Hope is a great falsifier of truth ; let skill guard against this by ensuring that fruition exceeds desire." "A few creditable attempts at the beginning are sufficient to arouse curiosity without pledging one to the final object."

Why it matters

Gracián says the real can never match the imagined, and disappointed people turn critical. His fix is to let early results build curiosity without promising the finished thing.

Use when: You're about to announce a launch, a hire or a product with big claims attached.

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mechanism #1087

Get it by seeming not to want it

Gracián opens the maxim on getting things "by affecting to depreciate them." He says wanted things flee whoever chases them and follow whoever walks away.

"generally they are not to be had when sought for, but fall into one's hands when one is not looking for them."

Why it matters

Gracián opens the maxim on getting things "by affecting to depreciate them." He says wanted things flee whoever chases them and follow whoever walks away.

Use when: You badly want the deal and the other side can tell.

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Arguments (1)

argument #1065

Hold the dissent, say it later to a few

Disagreeing in public offends twice: once for the thing blamed and once for the person who praised it.

"To dissent from others' views is regarded as an insult, because it is their condemnation. Disgust is doubled on account of the thing blamed and of the person who praised it."

Why it matters

Disagreeing in public offends twice: once for the thing blamed and once for the person who praised it. Gracián keeps the private judgment and voices it "before few and fit persons."

Use when: You think a popular plan is wrong and are tempted to say so in the all-hands.

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Concepts (1)

concept #1066

Time and I against any two

Gracián quotes the saying "Time and I against any two." The side without a deadline can let the side with one make the concessions.

"You must pass through the circumference of time before arriving at the centre of opportunity." "Time's crutch effects more than the iron club of Hercules."

Why it matters

Gracián quotes the saying "Time and I against any two." The side without a deadline can let the side with one make the concessions.

Use when: The other side needs the deal closed this quarter and you do not.

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